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Clostridium spore1/15/2024 ![]() The strain with ribotype 027, also known as North America Pulsotype ( NAP) 1, is one of the most pathogenic types of C. The production of exotoxins A and B facilitates tissue damage, which results in cell necrosis and ulceration, diarrhea and fluid secretion, and colitis Footnote 3. difficile infection include bacteremia, intra-abdominal abscess, osteomyelitis, visceral abscess, empyema, toxic megacolon, colonic perforation, and reactive arthritis Footnote 5. Patients with PMC also have more systemic side effects Footnote 4. ![]() PMC is associated with intense inflammation of the colon and formation of pseudomembranes on the intestinal mucosal surface Footnote 2. Abdominal pain with or without pyrexia may also be present along with diarrhea Footnote 4. In diarrhea without pseudomembranous colitis ( PMC), feces have a foul odor and are not bloody Footnote 4. The diarrhea may range from a few days of intestinal fluid loss to life-threatening pseudomembranous colitis Footnote 2. difficile, which leads to clinical manifestations of infection Footnote 3. Antibiotics or any other procedures that disrupt the normal intestinal microbiota can lead to the overgrowth and production of toxin by C. difficile is the main cause of nosocomial antibiotic- associated diarrhea Footnote 2. It is catalase and superoxide dismutase negative Footnote 1, and produces 2 types of toxins: enterotoxin A and cytotoxin B, which disrupts cytoskeleton signal transductions in the host Footnote 2. Vegetative cells are rod shaped, pleomorphic, and occur in pairs or short chains Footnote 1. difficile colitis.ĬHARACTERISTICS: Clostridium difficile, of the Clostridiaceae family, is motile, anaerobic, and spore-forming (forms subterminal spores) Footnote 1. No commercial reproduction, distribution, display or performance rights in this work are provided.SYNONYM OR CROSS REFERENCE: Pseudomembranous colitis, C. Item Type:Ĭlostridium, Bacterial Spore, Extreme Environments, Fluorescence Detection Method It also enables the determination of the limit and longevity of life, and provides insight on the search of extinct or extant life on Mars and other celestial bodies. The development of EVA provides a faster way to assess viability of Clostridium spores, which has significant importance in various industries. Micro EVA has also been successfully applied to quantify Clostridium spores in an extreme cold biosphere, Greenland ice core, and a hyper-arid biosphere, Atacama Desert, two Mars analogs on earth. Comparing to traditional CFU cultivation, EVA probes the early stage of germination, resulting in a much faster detection rate (within 60 minutes) than CFU measurement (more than 3 days incubation). The distinctive emission and millisecond lifetime enables time-resolved imaging to achieve single endospore sensitivity. Micro EVA is based on energy transfer from DPA to terbium ions doped in a solid matrix upon UV excitation. In particular, a luminescence time-gated microscopy technique (Micro EVA) has been developed to enumerate germinable Clostridium endospores within an hour. The basic principle of the two EVAs is to measure the release of a unique biomarker, dipicolinic acid (DPA), via germination as a proxy for endospore viability. Germinability was used as an indicator for spore viability. Spectroscopy and microscopy based Endospore Viability Assay (Spectro EVA and Micro EVA) were developed and validated to assess the viability of Clostridium spores. In this study, we have developed a general protocol to produce and purify Clostridium spores. However, to date, most endospore research has been conducted on Bacillus, and study of the anaerobic spore former, Clostridium, is not adequate. They are also the ideal candidates to study Panspermia and potential extraterrestrial life. Clostridium spores are of particular interest due to their significant importance in several industries, such as food processing, wastewater treatment, pharmaceuticals, and health care. ![]() Endospores have remarkable resistance to various extreme conditions and can remain dormant for extended periods of time. Bacterial endospores are formed in genera such as Bacillus and Clostridium in response to adverse environmental changes. ![]()
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